Heating experiments indicate temperatures exceeded 2000 ☌. A city-wide ~ 1.5-m-thick carbon-and-ash-rich destruction layer contains peak concentrations of shocked quartz (~ 5–10 GPa) melted pottery and mudbricks diamond-like carbon soot Fe- and Si-rich spherules CaCO 3 spherules from melted plaster and melted platinum, iridium, nickel, gold, silver, zircon, chromite, and quartz. ![]() The proposed airburst was larger than the 1908 explosion over Tunguska, Russia, where a ~ 50-m-wide bolide detonated with ~ 1000× more energy than the Hiroshima atomic bomb. We present evidence that in ~ 1650 BCE (~ 3600 years ago), a cosmic airburst destroyed Tall el-Hammam, a Middle-Bronze-Age city in the southern Jordan Valley northeast of the Dead Sea.
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